Winner of the Dartmouth Medal for Outstanding Reference Publication of 1994, the first edition of Black Women in America broke ground-pulling together for the first time all of the research in this vast but underrepresented field to provide one of the strongest building blocks of Black Women'sStudies. Hailed by Eric Foner of Columbia University (for a Lingua Franca survey) as "one of those publishing events which changes the way we look at a field," it simultaneously filled a void in the literature and sparked new research and concepts regarding African-American women in history.Since the first edition was published, a new generation of American black women has flourished, demanding this landmark reference be brought up to date. Women such as Venus and Serena Williams, Condoleezza Rice, Carol Mosley-Braun, Ruth Simmons, and Ann Fudge have become household names for theirremarkable contributions to sports, politics, academia, and business. In three magnificent volumes, Black Women in America, second edition celebrates the remarkable achievements of black women throughout history, highlights their ongoing contributions in America today, and covers the new researchthe first edition helped to generate.Features:* Includes more than 150 new entries, plus revisions and updates to all previous entries* Contains 500 illustrations, many published here for the first times* Includes over 335 biographies, many newly prepared for this publication* Offers sidebars on interesting aspects of the history and culture of black women* Provides a bibliography for each entry, plus a major bibliographical essay* Features a chronology and a comprehensive indexFor a complete listing of contents, visit www.oup.com/us/bwia

A concept initially developed by Sadie Plant in her volume Zeros + Ones: Digital Women + the New Technoculture (1997) to refer to feminists examining and critiquing the practices and processes of digital technologies and the Internet. Increasingly the term has been used to refer to feminists producing material on the Internet rather than just analysing it. As an online practice cyberfeminism is associated with third-wave feminism. It has taken numerous forms (blogs, art works, online campaigns, tweets, etc.) and is dominated by younger, white, often middle-class, highly educated women, especially in western countries.

Science, medicine, and technology have become increasingly important to the average individual in modern society. The importance of these three fields is in many ways one of the defining characteristics of modernity. Understanding their history is essential for educated individuals. Science,medicine, and technology are not static endeavors but processes, bodies of knowledge, tools, and techniques that are constantly growing and changing. The entries in this encyclopedia explore the changing character of science, medicine, and technology in the United States; the key individuals,institutions, and organizations responsible for major developments; and the concepts, practices, and processes underlying these changes. Especially since the early decades of the twentieth century, American science, medicine, and technology have played dominant roles internationally.Entries explore distinctive characteristics of American institutions and culture that help explain this development. At the same time, the encyclopedia situates specific events, theories, practices, and institutions in their proper historical context and explores their impact on American society andculture. Entries are written by the experts in the field. Students not only from the humanities and social sciences but also from the sciences and the medical sciences should be attracted to the broad-ranging and in-depth analysis in the encyclopedia.